Orwell disapproves of communism Essay

In both cases, the authors reinforce the declaration that intelligence is dropping by demonstrating depreciation in language. The Time Traveller describes the language of the Eloi to be very basic, with sentences and expressions often composed of not more than two words. In fact, he learnt a good amount of the language during his short stay. Wells is suggesting that since human intelligence is decreasing, the need for a diverse language, rich with adjectives and adverbs, is diminished. Hence humans only speak when they need to, and when they do, they’re speech has a very basic structure, composed mainly of a subject and a verb, for example. In â€Å"Nineteen Eighty-Four,† Orwell writes about a new language, called â€Å"Newspeak†, which the government is introducing. He explains plans to rid the world of plain English, or â€Å"Oldspeak,† and replace it with Newspeak, the idea being that if the government can control people’s speech, then ultimately, they can reduce the thoughts and decisions that people are capable of making. This way people can have uniform thinking, one of the endeavours of totalitarianism. Orwell has included a detailed analysis and explanation of Newspeak in an appendix, but the two fundamental rules behind the language are: to remove the majority of the words from the English language and replace them with modified versions of other words; and to abbreviate proper nouns and multiple-word phrases and statements, and respell them. The adjective â€Å"good,† for example can be modified to express adjectives such as â€Å"bad† and â€Å"excellent. † These, respectively, would be â€Å"ungood,† and â€Å"plusgood. † An example of the second rule of Newspeak is â€Å"Ingoc,† an abbreviation of â€Å"English Socialism. † The general suggestion that Wells and Orwell are making, is that the deterioration of language indicates that past political practices lead to a reduction in general intelligence levels. An interesting similarity is that the main character in both books stumbles across a female to whom they feel attached. Although the relationships between the Time Traveller and his female, â€Å"Weena,† in The Time Machine, and Winston and his female, â€Å"Julia,† is different, I believe they serve a similar purpose in the stories. The fact that both couples are eventually tragically parted suggests that in the futures in the books, love is not welcome. In The Time Machine, Wells describes how couples seemed to only exist in order to reproduce, and how nobody expressed any emotional attachment to anybody else. For a very short period, The Time Traveller and Weena show attachment to eachother, but Weena is killed off in a horrific setting, where the Morlocks drag her away while The Time Traveller is asleep. In Nineteen Eighty-Four, although neither Winston nor Julia is killed off, Orwell yet again shocks the reader in ending the two character’s love for each other. After being brainwashed at the Ministry of Love, both characters automatically lose all attachment to each other. Orwell has demonstrated that even Love, is under the power of the government. I believe that Orwell and Wells are targeting readers who have been or are in love. These readers or Nineteen Eighty-Four may be thinking to themselves, â€Å"Ah, but one thing the government cannot control is love! † And then, to the reader’s astonishment, Winston and Julia are no longer lovers. Why? Because the government did not want them to be. In many cases changes expressed in both books are much more extreme in â€Å"The Time Machine† than in â€Å"Nineteen Eighty-Four. † For example, in â€Å"Nineteen Eighty-Four,† although people have generally become less intelligent, they have not become so to the extent of the races of â€Å"The Time Machine;† people can still read, write and speak with great expression and effect, but only to the extent that the Party allows. I believe that this is because Wells is dealing with a much later date, and so can make radical changes and claim that over long periods of time, such changes are possible. Orwell was only writing thirty-five – or so – years into the future, and so modifications cannot be as extreme. Due to their hidden messages, both books seem to be targeting readers who would be capable of decoding the front-text. The Time Machine also discusses scientific and philosophic matters, which would be difficult to comprehend if the reader is not familiar with that area of science. Nineteen Eighty-Four also requires the reader to be psychologically mature, as it includes some pages that portray sex. The major difference between the two books is the political philosophies that they are criticising. â€Å"Nineteen Eighty-Four† suggests that Orwell disapproves of communism – especially Stalin and his reign of terror – and, obviously, totalitarianism. The general message in the book is that theoretical communism is not possible, and real communism always involves a tyrant. â€Å"In The Time Machine,† Wells is targeting capitalism. The Time Traveller states, â€Å"†¦ social difference between the capitalist and the labourer was the key to the whole position. † He believed that over time, industrial workers were banished to the underground and evolved to work here. I think that both books were an excellent read. The authors effectively included powerful messages in an engrossing storyline. The use of satire gave the texts their power. â€Å"Nineteen Eighty-Four† is amongst my favourite books, not only because Orwell, being the master satirist that he is, cleverly ridicules Stalin and communism in general, but also because Orwell has a unique style of communicating with the reader. His texts are informal and interesting, allowing him to form tight relationships with the reader.

Discuss the effectiveness of the opening chapter of ‘Great Expectations’ Essay

Charles Dickens was a very famous writer who was born 7th February 1812. One of most famous books is ‘Great Expectations’ which was serialised in 1860. ‘Great Expectations’ is about a young infant boy called Pip (Philip Pirrip) whose mother, father and five little brothers are all departed. His sister Mrs Joe Gargery and her husband Mr Joe Gargery, a blacksmith, then looked after Pip. The novel ‘Great Expectations’ begins very swiftly and promptly, as the start of the novel sees Pip visiting his deceased family. I think this is very effective in a story like this because straight away Dickens wants to show Pip’s isolation and fear, as he stands alone before his families’ gravestones at the start of the novel and how he explains that his sister ‘brought him up by hand’, this means that his sister would beat him if he did something wrong. This was not uncommon at the time when this novel was written because in the 19th Century, orphans and convicted criminals, like Pip and Magwich, were very badly treated and physically abused; the treatment that these unfortunate people suffered was inhumane. Dickens knew that this was not right so one of the main reasons why Dickens wrote this novel was to inform and notify the audience about the mistreating of orphans and convicts. He tried to change society by writing other novels as well based on the same principal such as Oliver Twist and Nicholas Nickelby. In the story I think Dickens describes the environmental scenery very effectively as he describes Magwich in the same way. Also the bleak environment works well together with the isolation and fear of Pip while alone in the graveyard. There is a good comparison between the description of the environment and with the description of Magwich as they are both described as bleak, grim and frightening. The environment is described as † Bleak, desolate place overgrown with nettles, and the dark, flat wilderness beyond the churchyard† and the convict is describes as † A fearful man, all in coarse grey†. I think Dickens has purposely done this to make the opening chapter more effective to the audience and more alarming to Pip. However even thought Magwich is describes as frightening and horrendous, the way Dickens describes him and the language that he uses, make us feel quite sympathetic towards Magwich, † torn by briars, stung by nettles, soaked in water, smothered in mud etc†, this quotation from the novel makes us feel sorry for the unfortunate convict. Dickens’s storyline and words also makes us feel sorry for young Pip as in the past he has lost his Mother, Father and five younger Brothers and the fright of being ‘held hostage’ by Magwich. In addition to Magwich’s fright Dickens also produces some humour from the things Magwich says. For example when Magwich requests that Pip go and fetch him a file and some wittles, however if Pip does not fulfil Magwich’s requests then a young man will cut out his heart and liver, this make the novel more enjoyable for the audience. † You fail and your heart and liver shall be torn out†. Dickens’s effective use of language and words presents us with an understanding of Pip’s fear and isolation throughout the novel. As stated before Dickens uses high-quality description of his characters, this makes them stand out from the rest and become more vivid. I think this is because as Dickens was growing up his father was always in debt and in and out of prison, so Dickens was sent to work at the young age of 12 and Dickens stated ‘They were the most terrible times of my life’. From this I have come to the conclusion that Dickens created Pip from his own experience in life and because Dickens actually lived like Pip, it makes him sound more realistic and believable for the audience. Dickens lived like Pip and experienced the brutal treatment for himself. The novel ‘Great Expectations’ is actually being told by Pip himself, but not as a child, as an adult looking back at when he was younger. This is very effective and is successful language by Dickens, as it gives us an adult opinion and perspective of a child’s life. We know that the narrator is a mature one, because he talks about his childish conclusions of his family by looking at the inscriptions on their gravestones and how his ‘infantile tongue’ could only make out the name Pip from his full name. â€Å"From the inscriptions, I drew a childish conclusion that my mother was freckled and sickly†. In the 19th Century children were horrendously mistreated as they were sent to work in dirty, odious factories from the age of 10. At the time orphanages did not exist so orphans were hired by people for odd jobs, who paid them just enough to survive. Convicted criminals were also very neglected at this time. Dickens picked up on this and decided that society needed to change, so Dickens wrote this novel, not only to earn a living and entertain but also to inform and notify the audience about the mistreating of orphans and convicts. He also tried to change society by writing other novels based on the same principal such as Oliver Twist and Nicholas Nickelby. Here we encounter a similarity between chapters one and eight, because in chapter eight Pip goes on regular visits to see Miss Havisham who is very rich and cultured. Nonetheless as Pip gets to know Miss Havisham he realises that she is not the person that he expected because when we get to know Miss Havisham we realise that she is quite sadistic and cruel, as she wants to avenge men for her past adversity. Miss Havisham is very rich and cultured so she should know better than to be sadistic and heartless towards Pip. This relates to the opening chapter because in it Pip encounters Magwich the old, ill-fated convict who seems fearsome at the time of the meeting. However as he gets to know Magwich, he realises that Magwich is quite kind and gentle. This is in contrasts with chapter eight because Miss Havisham seems nice but he realises she is cruel and in chapter one Magwich seems fearful but is really kind. Chapters one and eight relate to each other quite well because both Miss Havisham and Magwich are not what they seem to Pip and first glance, this is an example of the old saying ‘Don’t judge a book by its cover’. It is because of Dickens’s excellent choice of words and language that these two chapters relate so well together, and this is something that Dickens does throughout the novel. It is also because of Dickens’s choice of words why his main character is called Pip; because the word Pip means a seed from which things grow. This is true of the text because Pip does grow throughout the novel from a young orphan to a rich gentlemen, so the name Pip is a very interesting name for this novel. The social and historical setting in this novel is in similarity with the real life environment at the time as in the novel Magwich the convict has been very badly treated and is very adverse, this also happened in the environment at the time that this novel was wrote. Also the brutal abuse of Pip the orphan is similar to the exploitation of the orphans in the surrounding atmosphere. By reading this novel we can get a rough idea of the physical abuse that the orphans and convicts suffered at the time, I think this is very useful because it would have been a very good real-life novel. On a whole I think that chapter one of ‘Great Expectations’ is very effective by the choice of language and words used by the famous, experienced writer Charles Dickens. However if we look at chapter one in relation to chapter two I think that chapter one and chapter two go together to make a unit, Nevertheless chapter one is still very successful.

Integrated management final presentation on MTV PowerPoint

Integrated management final on MTV - PowerPoint Presentation Example MTV emerged as a platform for record labels to advertise their music on a global scale. Many artists owed their rapid rise in the music industry to MTV. In the initial stages it was the medium of choice to communicate with the youth. MTV came into being on August 1, 1981. It was to replicate to music the effect of ESPN on sports. With its introduction of the video, it transformed the music industry (Stolpmann 2 – 4). These videos were very good sources of advertisement, and were as important as the record itself. In fact, the popularity of Madonna and other stars was chiefly due to these brief video clips. Thus, MTV virtually symbolized the pop culture. It has 72 channels in 140 nations and was broadcast in more than 32 languages. The 1992, MTV Rock the Vote event brought together candidates and a new generation of voters. Even Bill Clinton, the then presidential candidate participated in a live interview on MTV, while his competitor George Bush declined to do so. Clinton’s triumph was attributed by many to his making a favorable impression upon the young voters, via MTV (Paoletta 46 – 48). VJs, artists and participants in reality shows procured a celebrity status, courtesy of MTV. Anecdotally, the term video jockey or VJ was created by MTV. Many genres of music, like grunge and pop owed their success to MTV. Some of the artists and bands that benefitted from this initiative were, Britney Spears, Nirvana, Gorillaz and to some extent Michael Jackson. Several controversial but socially relevant shows were broadcast by MTV. Some instances being, Teen Mom, and 16 and pregnant. The detractors of these programs accused MTV of corrupting the youth, whereas the more liberal minded believed that major problems of society, such as teenage mothers were finally being addressed in an open manner (Davidson 112 – 113). MTV has tremendous reach, with regard to the

Medical physist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Medical physist - Essay Example There are cases where one becomes lucky and gets multiple job offers to choose from in his field of study. This is not luck but another hurdle to overcome, some people have found themselves in job environments that they never thought would be that way. This is just because they did not make proper decisions before considering the kind of offer that best suits them both in the short and long term. A good job is not just about having the best salary; there are several other things that guide job consideration in a case where one has landed multiple job offers. Proper decision making about job offers is an important process, which needs to be given due seriousness. Most graduates will simply want to close their eyes, line up the offers in front of them and pick on a particular job only to regret later (Ahmed, Hasnain and Venkatesan, 2012). Remember, when you make the decision to choose on a job and later realize that it is not the one you dreamt of, the ones that you had to foregone will not be waiting for your reverse decision. In this age where students graduating have surpassed job offers available means that the door is always opened for the next candidate once you decline an offer from one of your probable employers. As a graduate medical physicist, there may be more that one job offer that may come knocking. Making the right decision about the kind of job to take will be vital since it will be key to deciding your career path. A good career should give the job candidate a good chance for advancement (Mayrhofer, et al, 2005), this means that a lot of decisions have to be given due considerations before the final decision is arrived at. One of the important things to do before signing up any of those job offer forms is to make an assessment about the industry and specific company before joining it. A good assessment can always

Translating Project Management Knowledge to Project Programs Research Proposal

Translating Project Management Knowledge to Project Programs - Research Proposal Example Project managers have to find ways by which they can manage this knowledge that is in the hands of their employees. They should come up with ways that this knowledge is focused on the enhancement of the project. Management of knowledge to help it in the reasoning processes and making an important decision in an organization is called knowledge management. For knowledge to be effectively managed in an organization, special tools must be employed to do this. The knowledge base is a special kind of database for knowledge management (Jacobsson, 2011). During knowledge management, data is collected, then into information, shared, then easily searched and used. For data to be more reasonable to an organization, it requires to be converted to a better version for the organization. When data is well organized and utilized, it can enable an organization to make good future decisions affecting the organization. As an organization transforms data to wisdom, understanding also increases; now dat a is well organized and can be used directly by an Organization in decision making. The organization processes, policies, and procedures are clearer, more complete, more correct and more concise when data is organized. There is an increase in the levels of innovation. A lot of new products and services are offered to consumers in the market. Project managers must understand this and employ strategies that make innovation a core factor of their businesses (Clarke, 2010). Innovation enables the projects to be what is desirable to users and come up with what is convenient for them. Marketing should be given a key role in any project. Without effective marketing, the details of the project remain within the team. This does not add any value to the team.

Advanced Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advanced Financial Management - Essay Example Implementation in the efficiency in a market proves that it is unable for any investor to beat the market consistently by using a common investment strategy. â€Å"The efficient market hypothesis is associated with the idea of a â€Å"random walk,† which is a term loosely used in the finance literature to characterize a price series where all subsequent price changes represent random departures from previous prices.† 3 But even very rarely efficient markets carry a negative implication for the investment strategy. An efficient market does not imply that the stock price cannot move away from the true value. Some times in the efficient market the expected return from investment will be consistent with the risk factor. Errors in valuation creates problems in efficient market. An efficient market is described as â€Å"Informationally Efficient†, because the investors can get all the necessary information that reflects within the market like political, economical and social. â€Å"The paradox of efficient markets is that if every investor believed a market was efficient, then the market would not be efficient because no one would analyze securities.† 4 As per behavioral decision theory of Kehneman and Tversky investors decisions are subject to the change of optimism and pessimism. These behavioral changes are reflecting their investment decision. Some investors are over confident they are able to forecast future stock price. 5 Share prices are reflected all information about the market so the investors are able to expect their returns and they can easily take decision about their investments. Market may needs to exist where the investors are unable to earn excess return over a long period. In order to maintain the market in a steadily manner it is essential to undertake the legal barriers about the publication of privatized information. In a weak form of market the prevailing share prices are

Personal Leadership Analysis and Action Plan Term Paper

Personal Leadership Analysis and Action Plan - Term Paper Example They did things together as a family including shopping. John would pay the bills showing good examples to the children that when they become men they would want to be like John. I mean john was everything to us, working with the government; he took them to the best schools in town he taught them how to do basic things that a child needs to know including discipline and manners, he was their source of encouragement as he encouraged them to take up challenges in life. Sophia was heaven on earth; she helped the children with school work, made our food, sung and even played with them. Meal time was celebration time; Sophia would make the meal with her hands that had the touch of class. He baking was top class as no bakery in town would compare to it. She made cakes for the children as if they were daily bread, and the daily bread that she made was as if every day was an occasion. Whenever food was served it never mattered what was on the table, it was always taken with joy. This was uto pia in real life. Then John quit his job, and he was greatly compensated. This simply meant that he had more money that before, they went from being a middle class to a rich family. He ventured into businesses that had great returns, John was rich. He was a successful man in every rite of business he ventured into; but true as they say, more money more problems. The family started seeing less of John more day by day; he would go on trips that involved business. Days grew into weeks and weeks became months. This was followed by both Sophia and john beginning to doubt each other, each alleging the other of cheating. John claimed Sophia was seeing another man and Sophia said John had been sported severally with another woman. Finally the day came when the truth came to light. John came in and called the family together, and in his eloquence he said he had come to a decision to leave Sophia and had found another woman that he would marry. Now this

Merging in the UK Package Holiday Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 11

Merging in the UK Package Holiday Market - Essay Example Both Cook and MyTravel enjoy an oligopolistic stature in the UK travel market as there are very few big players competing with one another over branded tourism products and services (HighBeam Research 1998). By the time Thomas Cook and MyTravel merged with each other to form the Thomas Cook Group, the trend in the UK travel sector was beginning to change. The concept of franchising was getting popular among giant business houses. As a consolidating approach to this changing scenario, another acquisition was soon on the cards. TUI Travel tied up with First Choice in September 2007, marking a milestone event in the UK travel industry. Following these two mergers, the entire travel sector assumed new looks in terms of operational mobility and packaged marketing initiatives. As the two major players in the global travel hunt, both operators took great care of their respective areas of interest, including hotels, cruises and charter airliners. Moreover, a seamless retail network involving major travel agencies was established to provide a convenient one-stop travel experience for vacationers. This paper is going to analyze in detail these two case studies and probe into a number of strategic issues that set off the mergers. Additionally, the paper will also look into the post-merger economic challenges and how they are going to affect the future of the travel market over the next few years. To address these issues systematically, the paper will answer three questions. 1. Why did Thomas Cook and MyTravel, and TUI and First Choice merge? What benefits have been gained from the mergers? What problems have had to be overcome, and what challenges do they face in the light of the current global economic downturn? The Mediterranean coast has always been the most sought after tourist destination in Europe. Whether it is leisure travel for rejuvenating the mind and the body or high-priority business trips, the Mediterranean destinations provide value for money for the travelers throughout the year.

Foreign Exchange Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Foreign Exchange Market - Essay Example So the more dollar exchanged the greater the value of the peso has. The value of each currency is not really fixed; it may start with a bigger value at the beginning of the day and may decrease as the day ends. The market of foreign exchange however can be analyzed in terms of supply and demand. So as mentioned in the first paragraph, the more of that currency is supplied to a country, the lower its value. So for example, when someone buys a product of a different country in their locality doesn't really deal with foreign exchange. It's the person who bought the currency of that certain country to buy that product and sell that product to their locality. So if an American buys a Japanese doll, it's the person who is selling that doll in their locality that bought yen who dealt with foreign exchange market because he will be purchasing that doll in yen and not in their own currency. That's why the more investors in your country are, with that certain currency, the lower the value of their currency is in your own country. So what are the basics in foreign exchange market First is the forex trading or what we also call as currency trading is always done in pairs.

Healthcare Financing in Italy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Healthcare Financing in Italy - Term Paper Example At present, Italy’s healthcare system is financed through different measures, although it is primarily financed through general tax revenues (Maio & Manzoli, 2002, p.304). The National Health Fund (NHF) provides the major financing for public health care. The NHF is yearly apportioned to Italy’s twenty regions, which, in turn, distribute resources to the Local Health Agencies (LHAs). Donatini et al. (2001) cited several public and private revenue sources of Italy’s healthcare system: a regional tax on economic activities, general taxation, other regional taxes, users’ co-payments and private financing (p.35). By 1999, private financing sources already made up 33% of the total health care expenditure (Donatini et al., 2001, p.35). This created a more privatized form of healthcare financing, with increasing dependence on private providers and more out-of-pocket payments. Healthcare Administration For Italy, the primary healthcare institution is the Ministry of Health, which oversees the National Health Fund (Donatini et al., 2001, p.21). The National Health Fund provides financing for the national healthcare system. The Ministry of Health, via its departments and services, accomplishes five various roles: health care planning; health care financing; framework regulation; monitoring; and general governance of the National Institutes for Scientific Research (IRCCS – Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) (Donatini et al., 2001, p.21). Furthermore, regional governments, through their related health departments, aim to follow the national objectives set by the National Health Plan at the regional level (Donatini et al., 2001, p.23). ... Regional health departments are mandated to deliver the healthcare benefit package to the population through a system of local health units and public and private accredited hospitals and clinics (Donatini et al., 2001, p.23). Local health units are geographically-oriented organizations that assess healthcare needs and provide comprehensive care to local target populations (Donatini et al., 2001, p.25). Access and Inequality Issues It is hard to determine access and inequality issues in Italy, because its law states comprehensive healthcare coverage for all their citizens. Mostly likely then, the uninsured ones in both countries are the illegal immigrants, who have to pay for their healthcare expenses through their pockets. Italy aims for a comprehensive public healthcare insurance system but recent deregulation efforts increase private funding and out-of-pocket expenses. Italy has comparable healthcare indicators with Iceland (World Health Organization, 2011). Italy’s regiona l division of average immunization rates shows that total coverage is â€Å"higher in the north than the south† (Donatini et al., 2001, p.61). Furthermore, coverage rates percentage for compulsory vaccinations are better than the recommended ones (Donatini et al., 2001, p.61). For instance, the immunization for measles is 75% for Italy and 100% for Iceland (Donatini et al., 2001, p.62). Conclusion In terms of financing, Italy has a government-financing-dominated healthcare system. Increasing deregulation and privatization, however, increases private financing of the healthcare system. Access problems are based on location and socio-economic status. References Donatini, A.,

Diversity Outline Essay Example for Free

Diversity Outline Essay Statement: JP Morgan Chase bank is actually a well respected multinational finance service provider having monetary assets numbering in the trillions of dollars. They give good results in 60 different countries and they are moving forward to grow. Sociology General Sociology Learning Team Assignment: Equal Rights Proposition Outline Select a current social issue related to the rights of ethnic or social groups. Research the subject and existing action plans designed to solve the issue. Develop a 1,050- to 1,500- word comprehensive outline of your proposition to promote equal rights. Be sure to include the following: The issues, challenges, and opportunities experienced by this group in the labor force How society has constructed this group’s identity The legal framework relating to this issue Summary of existing or proposed solutions of differing groups. Consider the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, corporate human resource departments, state or federal laws and regulations, political strategies, government agencies, religious groups, and grass roots organizations. Whether or not this issue exists in other countries, and if so, how it is handled by differing groups Your team’s compromise or alternative to existing solutions Outline your proposition in Microsoft Word. Include at least five academic references in your research. Format your outline consistent with APA guidelines. When it comes to succeeding in college, there are many influential factors. In fact, even your choice of seat can make a difference. Try to score a seat near the front of the lecture hall rather than one right next to the exit. You are more likely to stay engaged and can ask your profess For downloading more course tutorials visit https://bitly.com/1xpzHSE When it comes to succeeding in college, there are many influential factors. In fact, even your choice of seat can make a difference. Try to score a seat near the front of the lecture hall rather than one right next to the exit. You are more likely to stay engaged and can ask your professor questions easily. Sociology General Sociology Learning Team Assignment: Equal Rights Proposition Outline Select a current social issue related to the rights of ethnic or social groups. Research the subject and existing action plans designed to solve the issue. Develop a 1,050- to 1,500- word comprehensive outline of your proposition to promote equal rights. Be sure to include the following: The issues, challenges, and opportunities experienced by this group in the labor force How society has constructed this group’s identity The legal framework relating to this issue Summary of existing or proposed solutions of differing groups. Consider the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, corporate human resource departments, state or federal laws and regulations, political strategies, government agencies, religious groups, and grass roots organizations. Whether or not this issue exists in other countries, and if so, how it is handled by differing groups Your team’s compromise or alternative to existing solutions Outline your proposition in Microsoft Word. Include at least five academic references in your research. Format your outline consistent with APA guidelines.

Discovery Of Oil In Ghana Economics Essay

Discovery Of Oil In Ghana Economics Essay Since the discovery of oil in deep-water offshore the coast of Ghana in 2007, the nation has had amplified expectations on possible accelerated economic growth and development. This black gold if managed well has the propensity to transform a structurally week economy into a self-sustain economy or can lead to social, economic and political instability as evidenced in some resource rich countries where their economies are characterized by corruption, poverty, and conflict. As Ghana becomes a member of league of oil producing countries, it is imperative that the country considers available successful options for effective allocation of its oil windfalls. This paper examines policy instruments that the Ghanaian governments can adopt to promote rapid improvement in development indicators in order to avoid the resource curse. Now, with oil as a shot in the arm, were going to fly, Were going to really zoom, accelerate, and if everything works, which I pray will happen positively, you come back in five years, and youll see that Ghana truly is the African tiger, in economic terms for development.  [1]  This statement attributed to a former president of Ghana in 2007 upon discovery of oil in commercial quantities justifies the optimistic expectations from the government and people of Ghana on the acceleration of economic growth and development from revenues to be obtained from exploration and development of oil fields. However, countries endowed with abundance of natural resources often perform poorly in achieving their targeted economic development than those with fewer resources resulting in what is popularly known as the paradox of plenty or natural resource curse.  [2]  For most of these richly endowed countries, the dream of using revenues from oil and gas to propel economic development is shutte red due to poor governance, oil price volatility, overdependence of oil revenue and the enclave nature of the oil industry. Ghana, a resource rich country and already producing gold, diamond, bauxite, magnesium and aluminium has not been able to achieve economic stability and low poverty rate with revenues from these mineral resources. Based on current proven reserves, Ghanas production of oil from the Jubilee field is expected to reach it peak from 2013-2015 at a production capacity of 120,000 barrels per day, lasting for 20 years and a potential revenue generation of USD 1.8 billion per annum at its peak production.  [3]  Availability of both short and long term economic measures and macro-economic policies are needed to avoid the resource curse. This paper seeks to examine how the governments of Ghana can effectively manage this scarce resource (oil) in the nations quest to achieving a middle income status economy by 2020. For a proper understanding of oil exploration and exploitation, chapter two will consider the history of oil discovery in Ghana. A comparative approach method will be adopted in chapter three to analyse two diverging case scenarios of how one country (Norway) has been able to effectively manage it resources to advance economic development and the other countrys (Nigeria) failure to achieve such success. Chapter four will elaborate on how key mechanisms such as diversification of the economy, strengthening of contractual and legal framework, transparency and accountability and resource management can be used as a tool in achieving sustainable economic growth. The conclusion will be chapter five. 2. Ghana Overview: History of Oil Discovery Exploration of hydrocarbons in Ghana started in 1896 from the onshore Tano exploration in the Western Region (GPE, 2004). This initial exploration by the West Africa Oil and Fuel Company (WAOFCO) and later by the Socià ©tà © Franà §aise de Petrole in 1909 was hitched by the discovery of seepages of oil onshore by early explorers in surrounding communities onshore Tano (GNPC, 2009). The Saltpond field, which is the first major oil field in Ghana was discovered and developed by Signal Amoco in 1970 and began producing oil in 1975. A total of about 3.47 million barrels of oil was produced and 14 billion cubic feet of gas was flared between 1978 and 1985.  [4]  Three major discoveries Cape Three Points, Saltpond and North and South Tano were made from drilling of 31 wells by the end of 1980. With the nations vision of reducing crude oil importation and the provision of sustainable and reliable supply of petroleum products, Ghana Petroleum Corporation (GNPC) was established in 1983 with a mandate to continue major and sustainable exploration activities through the usage of needed technology and personnel, accelerated petroleum exploration and preventing adverse effects on the environment from petroleum exploration.  [5]  Figure 1 shows Ghanas Jubilee Oil Field. Figure 1: Ghanas Jubilee field straddles two licenses: Deep-water Tano and West Cape Three Points Map of Ghana highlighting offshore projects Source: Tullow Oil Ghana, 2012 In June 2007, GNPC together with its partners in the Jubilee field, Tullow Oil and Kosmos Energy announced the discovery of oil offshore Ghana. Tullow Oil expressed that the oil discovered offshore Ghana is one of the biggest oil finds in Africa in recent times.  [6]  Production of oil from the Jubilee field commenced in December 2010, and is estimated to contain 1.5 billion barrels of oil. Production in 2012 is estimated to be between an average of 70,000 and 90,000 barrels per day (bpd).  [7]  It is important to observe that since 2007, more offshore discoveries of oil and gas has been made with the recent discovery filed by Hess and GNPC for the Pecan-1 exploration well located in at deep-water Tano/Cape Three Points license offshore Ghana.  [8]   3. Comparative Analysis In recent years, due to the extreme variations in the standard of living of resource-rich countries, resource management has become a key element in exploration and development of natural resources. While countries such as Norway ranks very top in effective management of oil revenue, others such as Yemen, Angola, Nigeria and Chad have performed poorly in achieving economic development. Plagued in poverty, most of these countries have become rich with poor people often struggling to design appropriate resource management strategies for resource utilization.  [9]  Oil price volatility and the Dutch Disease are the two commonly known adverse effects to development path of resource endowed countries. The Dutch Disease which occurred in the Netherlands in 1970s refers to a sharp increase in the value of exported resource leading to appreciation of the local real exchange rate. This usually increases import as a result of increase in expenditure due to what is termed as petro-dollar an d makes exportation of local commodities unattractive and difficult, hence the spending effect. The shift in human resources and logistics from other sectors to the resource sector raises cost of production of other sectors creating resource pull.  [10]  A comparative analysis of Norway and Nigeria discussed is intended to offer Ghana with two practically extreme modules for guidance in avoiding the resource curse. 3.1 Norway Norway has earned a reputable position in resource management in oil and gas development. This has been labelled by many as the classical Scandinavian mechanism to tackling obstacles for long-term economic growth and development in the oil and gas industry. Norway discovered its first commercial oil in 1971 from the North Sea and considered its windfall from oil revenues as a temporal tool to insulate global economic shocks instead of stimulating present consumption. From the Norwegian Model, the government carefully and effectively disaggregated administration of petroleum development into policy formulation, commercial and regulatory arms. The separated arms included the national oil company (Statoil) which was mandated to undertake commercial oil and gas exploration and exploitation, Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD) as a regulatory body responsible for control, monitoring and provision of technical support and Ministry of Petroleum and Energy directing government policies.  [11]   To sustain revenue management and wealth, total and non-oil economy separation was introduced in economic forecasting in 1973 and was strengthened by the establishment of Government Petroleum Fund, renamed as Government Pension Fund in 2006. New fiscal policy guidelines were adopted by Parliament in 2001.  [12]  All these policy instruments instituted and strictly adhered to has resulted in prudent and transparent management of oil revenue. (Insert SWF institute) The success chalked by Norway in the management and administration of revenue from oil and gas production has attracted immersed international attention and has led to the formation of the Oil for Development (OfD) by the Norwegian government. The scheme launched in 2005 aims at supporting developing economies upon request, to manage, control and achieve economic development through efficient utilization of oil revenues.  [13]  With core members such as Nigeria, Angola, Uganda, Vietnam and limited cooperation countries such as Ghana, Tanzania and South Africa, Oil for Development now cooperates with more than over 23 countries depending on area of expertise needed. 3.2 Nigeria Nigeria joined the ranks of oil producers in 1958 after it had discovered oil in commercial quantities in 1956 by Shell-BP as the sole concessionaire at the time and producing about 5,100 bpd at Oloibiri in the Niger Delta. By the late sixties and early seventies, production level had surged to over 2 million barrels of crude oil a day.  [14]  Between 1971 and 1973, Nigerias oil revenue almost quintupled due to windfalls from increasing oil prices. Nigeria as a major oil producer joined the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1971 and established the Nigerian National Petroleum Company (NNPC) in 1977 as a national oil company to manage and controlled both the upstream and downstream energy sectors.  [15]  Though sectorial and trade patterns begun showing traits of oil income by early1970s, agriculture maintain its dominance accounting for about 40% of non-oil GDP and employing about 70% of the national work force. However, this achievement was short-lived as the economy suffered severe oil syndrome propelling a sharp decline in agriculture sector, collapse of non-oil export and appreciating of the countrys real exchange rate.  [16]  These were the result of high public capital spending (an increase from 3.6% of nominal GDP in 1970 to 29.5% by 1976) leading to high GDP deficit , inflation and wage increments by the government, based on the Public Service Review Commission (the average wage for civil servants doubled with increases of up to 130%).  [17]   http://www.eia.gov/countries/analysisbriefs/Nigeria/images/oil_production_consumption.png Nigeria has failed on the path to developing clear cut oil revenue management systems to manage its windfalls. This is traced to failures on attempted management commissions such as the Niger Development Board of 1960 and the Oil Minerals Producing Areas Development Commission (OMPADEC) of 1992 due to political instabilities. The most recent commission created to salvage the country is the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) in 2000.  [18]  Nigerias crude oil production capacity is currently at 1.673 million bbl/d, with recent offshore oil developments and the restart of some shut-in onshore production increasing it to an average of 2.17 million bbl/d for the month of July 2011. High levels of poverty and corruption has led to kidnappings, militants takeovers of oil facilities in the Niger Delta and pipeline vandalism since 2005.  [19]  Though currently producing below capacity, Nigerias oil production is expected to increase based on the estimated 37.2 billion barrels of proven oil reserves and a more comprehensive revenue management system envisaged from the much debated Petroleum Industry Bill.  [20]   4. Implementing Strategic Management Framework The energy sector strategy and development plan 2010 drafted by the Ministry of Energy in Ghana advocate that in order to achieve the countrys goal of sustaining oil and gas exploration, development and judicious management of accrued revenue, the ministrys plan is to manage oil and gas revenues transparently and ensure equity for the benefit of the present and future generation of Ghanaians. This will be achieved through institutional reforms and transparent regulation for the management the oil revenue through legislative guidelines for the creation of a Future Generation Fund and stabilization fund.  [21]  The challenge is how Ghana positions itself in managing and formulating policies to achieve these set goals. Subsequent chapters will be dedicated to deliberating various successful policies and management styles governing allocation of oil revenues, how much to save (Current versus Future), building economic shocks for oil price volatility and guarding against the Dutch Dis ease 4.1 Strengthening Contractual, Regulatory and Legal Framework In modern business transactions, the buyer is always guided by the traditional concept of caveat emptor let the buyer beware of the natural risk in purchasing products in the market. To this end, and more crucial in the oil and gas industry is the opposite, let the owner beware of how resource revenue management if not meticulously planned could create inequalities.  [22]  Countries such as Botswana and Norway have been able to manage their resource sectors to sustain economic growth by adapting efficient and effective contractual and legal framework. Ghana in an attempt to follow such examples has passed two crucial bills, the Petroleum Revenue Management Bill (PRMB) and the Petroleum Exploration and Production Bill 2011 (PEPB). These bills governing exploration, development and management of oil revenues are intended to strengthen and provide a comprehensive approach to the Ghana National Petroleum Corporation Act (PNDC Law 64), the Petroleum (Exploration and Production) Act (P NDC Law 84), the Petroleum Income Tax Act, 1987 (PNDC Law 188), the Internal Revenue Act 2000 (Act 592) and the Environmental Protection Act 1994 upon commercial discovery of oil in 2007. The Petroleum Revenue Management Act 2011 provides for framework for the collection, allocation and management of petroleum revenue in a responsible, transparent, accountable and sustainable manner for the benefit of the citizens of Ghana in accordance with Article 36 of the Constitution and for related matters.  [23]  Thus, the bill provides instruments for key issues such as setting up of petroleum funds, allocation and disbursement of the funds, management and investments of the petroleum funds and encumbrances and auditing of the funds.  [24]  The Petroleum (Exploration and Production) Act, also seeks to provide a robust framework for the sector for the exploration, development and production of petroleum and create an enabling environment for increased private sector participation and investment in the petroleum sector and to strengthen the regulatory framework for healthy competition and quality assurance.  [25]  By adopting Production Sharing Agreement in negotiati ng and awarding of petroleum contracts to IOCs, Ghana seeks to promote local contents and sense of ownership in petroleum production. However, it is important to state that creating these regulatory and legal frameworks alone is not the end, for Ghana to be able to be successful in promoting economic growth using petroleum revenues; it must strictly adhere to these frameworks as done in Norway and Botswana. 4.2 Transparency, Accountability and Democratic Governance Strong institutions and administrative capacity for transparency and accountability in the oil industry is an important tool in achieving the purpose of improving human lives. Independent and accountable institutions are needed to manage proceeds from natural resource revenues. As done by some countries such as Chile and Malaysia, even with relatively low institutional capacities have overturned the negative cycle and maintained social stability and accelerated economic growth.  [26]  Ghana as member of the New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD) which promote good corporate governance, effective regulatory framework for economic activities, corporate accountability , sound, transparent and predictable government policies should adhere to these standards in order to promote quality standard of living and reduce poverty rate. Another mechanism used in tracking the performance of extractive natural resources countries in admonishing transparency, accountability and good governance is participating as a member of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). As a global standard of ensuring transparency, EITI provides all industry players (IOCs, civil society groups and international organizations) and country members with principles of upholding transparency and accountability of payment from natural resources.  [27]  Ghana together with other countries such as Norway, Nigeria and Tanzania as EITI compliant countries have been meeting all requirements in the EITI standards and must continue to do so as a measure of promoting and strengthening transparency. The democratic dispensation in Ghana is considered by far to be one of the most reliable and stable governance in Africa. Continuing this path of democratic governance and strong civil societies such as the Centre for Policy Analysis (CEP A), IMANI, Centre for Education and Policy and the Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA) in Ghana, the country can tap experience from Chile and Botswana in avoiding the resource curse. The position of transparency and accountability is confirmed in article 8.1 of the Petroleum Revenue Management Act 2011. Its state that for the purpose of transparency and accountability, the records of petroleum receipts in whatever form, shall simultaneously be published by the Minister in the Gazette and in at least two state owned daily newspapers, within thirty calendar days after the end of the applicable quarter.  [28]   4.3 Resource Management A million question usually posed by many experts is whether Ghana should spend or save windfall revenues from the oil sector. Thus, should revenue management policy be structured towards repayment of Ghanas large foreign borrowing and eradicate capital scarcity and credit spreads, invest in foreign assets through sovereign wealth fund which has the capacity of building economic shock absorbers against volatile oil prices or to invest in domestic capital which has the tendency of promoting growth and structural transformation. In the case of Norway, the government instituted the State Petroleum Fund (SPF) in 1990 to function as both savings and stabilization funds to manage macroeconomic growth and guard against oscillating oil prices. Through prudent economic managements, strong democratic institutions, transparency and conservative fiscal policies, the SPF accumulated substantial wealth which led to consistent budget surpluses and the surging popularity of the Norwegian Model.  [29]  Though economic conditions and priorities between Ghana and Norway are different, Chile a developing economy has similar economic growth and development characteristics to that of Ghana. Like Norway, Chile in 1985 established the Copper Stabilization Fund for the management of its copper revenues and its effective management led to economic booms and poverty reduction between 1990 and 1997. Ghana governments oil revenue from the Jubilee field has four components, a royalty of 5% of gross oil revenues, Ghana National Petroleum Corporation share of 13.75% as oil fields commercial net profits, an additional oil entitlement of 10-25 % of petroleum revenue, net of royalties and the GNPC interest, is accrued if the project rate of return is between 18 and 33% and government levies on company income tax on all net profits of 35 %.  [30]  For effective management of windfall revenues from oil production and drawing experience from Norway, Chile and Botswana, Ghanas Petroleum Revenue Management Act allocates government oil revenues between annual budget and sovereign wealth funds based on benchmark revenue. The Petroleum Act established a Petroleum Holding Fund with Bank of Ghana to receive and disburse all public oil revenues. From the Petroleum Holding Fund, 50-70% is allocated to consolidate the annual budget with a minimum of 70% to be used for investment in eleven prior ity areas including agriculture, human resource, education and health, security, transport and the remaining 30% for consumption. The other 30-50% from the Petroleum Holding Fund goes into the Ghana Petroleum Funds which consist of the Ghana Stabilisation Fund and the Ghana Heritage Fund. The Ghana Stabilisation Fund, constituting a minimum of 70% of the Ghana Petroleum Fund, will be used to cushion the impact on o sustain public expenditure capacity during periods of unanticipated petroleum shortfalls and the remained 30% to be invested as the Ghana Heritage Fund to provide an endowment to support the development for future generations when the petroleum reserves have been depleted.  [31]  These policies, when properly administered and supported with strong democratic institutions can eliminate Ghana from the oil curse. 4.4 Conflict Management As observed in the case of Nigeria, political instability and authority has been a key fundamental issue hindering effective management of oil revenue. This is to say that though the promise of piece of share of the oil cake keeps the nation together, its distribution has plunged the country into political, social and economic instability resulting in high levels of poverty and corruption, militants takeovers of oil facilities and vandalism in the Niger Delta.  [32]  Similar cases are spread across the Middle East where poor management of oil revenue has led to polarization of the economy and economic laxity. Although Ghanas commercial oil discoveries have been made in deep water offshore Western Region, the fact still remains that region is most likely to suffer more in the case of oil spillage. Environmental safety trust funds and care must be taken to avoid social disruptions. From Ghanas own experience, towns such as Obuasi and Akwatia which are well known for the extraction of gold and bauxite have seen little development with respects to the national revenue generated from the area. As a result, there are important discussions on the need to establish Western Region Development Fund to cater for a more responsive regional development to avoid undesired sentiment of marginalisation and alienation. 4.5 Diversification and sustainable Economic Policy A key challenge of windfall revenues is how to avoid or minimize the possible negative effect that spending from oil revenues could have on the non-oil sectors of the economy. This negative effect usually leads to shrinking of non-oil sector by shifting production from exports while imports stay the same, shifting production from import substitutes goods and creating additional imports of goods and services. Unlike Nigeria which has seen a near collapse of export from the agricultural sector after discovery of oil, Indonesia has achieved tremendous improvement in agricultural production.  [33]  Other countries such as Angola, Iraq and Equatorial Guinea have also performed poorly in sustaining agricultural development and food security. Agriculture, services and manufacturing sectors are relatively labour-intensive, with agriculture alone employing about 65% of the work force in most developing countries as compared to the extractive industry , Ghana as a major exporter of cocoa, gold and a relatively growing manufacturing sectors should continue to diversify its productions to build a robust economy capable of sustaining oil price volatility. 5. CONCLUSION Ghana, like other developing countries can effectively manage its oil revenue and use the windfalls as an engine for accelerated development through sustainable planning from upstream, midstream and downstream activities. Major challenges for the country would be how to develop the oil and gas industry with optimal local content and participation, how to provide security for the industry and the overall management of potential revenue from oil and gas production. From a lot diverging experiences, Ghana can only do better in areas many countries have failed in relation to the management of exploration and exploitation of crude oil. Given the fact that crude oil and gas as natural resources are exhaustive and temporary, the broad objective of the country should be to use revenues accrued from oil production in support of the non-oil productive sectors in order to achieve a diversified and stable economic growth. The set-up of the national petroleum regulatory authority responsible for the regulation of all petroleum activities and the creation of a future generation fund and stabilization fund to ensure transparency and equity of benefit for both present and future generations are good initiatives. To maximize potentials from the oil industry, these initiatives should be cushioned by building a supporting human resource capacity, technological transfer and strong contractual, regulatory, legal frameworks.

Challenges To Masculinity In World War 1

Challenges To Masculinity In World War 1 In the years 1914 to 1918 half of all men between the ages of 15-49 left behind their usual lives and jobs to toil on the battlefields and war related occupations during the First World War. Of 8 million men mobilised, some 1.7 million were wounded and 722,000 killed (Bourke, 1994). Sometimes referred to as the war to end all wars 5 million men served and survived and every frontline soldier experienced loss; it made an unforgettable impact on those who lived through it (Gregory, 1994). 7% of all men between the ages of 15-49 were killed in battle (Bourke, 1996). Men who fought in the trenches had memories of living with the dead, fears of death, close escapes of death, killing and bereavement. It is no wonder men were traumatised and broke down (Gregory, 1994). In this essay, I will show how this trauma challenged the idea of a man being masculine and how this is linked to challenges of ethnicity. Masculinity for many people is what differentiates men from women or femininity (Bourk e, 1996). Ethnicity is a social construction representing the cultural values and norms which distinguish members of a given group from others (Giddens, 2001:689). What was unbearable about modern warfare was its passivity in the midst of extreme dangers. Modern warfare was more psychologically difficult than warfare in the past because the men had to remain for days, weeks, months in a narrow trench exposed to constant dangers (Bourke, 2000). The trauma of world war one made society less secure, the period following the Great War is portrayed as the decline in Victorian values. The world wide economic depression meant fewer jobs and for those men who were unemployed found themselves no longer the breadwinner of the family (Bourke, 1996). Before world war one, those who were without limbs were mostly working class, for example children of the poor, adult factory workers, dock labourers and miners. However, after the war men who had been very fit had become war amputees, for example 70% war amputees were aged younger than 30 but also 10% officers (Bourke, 1996). The war affected all classes. The trauma of world war one made all men from different classes who were amputees invisible in the labour market. Labourers had no incentive to give jobs to disabled men. This became very embarrassing for soldiers; advice and help from officials such as the Heritage School at Chailey recognised that there was little they could do to eas e what must have been a difficult alteration for wounded men. Crippled soldiers had to be made in to men again, because they were often reduced to being children (Bourke, 1996). The war had a dissolving effect on the class structure of Britain, although still being a class-conscious society the emotional stress of war brought males classes closer together. Before the war, not having an arm or a leg meant you were poor but because of the war all classes were affected. Going out to work was an important milestone on the road to manhood and a source of pride, there was a link between masculinity and living wage that required defending (Bourke, 1994). Although the majority of disabled veterans found employment, 100,000 disable ex servicemen were unemployed in 1920 (Gregory, 1994). It did not matter about your class anymore, during the war all men had to live in the trenches regardless. Those men who had suffered losing a limb during the war regardless of their class faced challenges to their masculinity because they were no longer the breadwinner of their families (Bourke, 1994). For Irish soldiers the trauma experienced in world war one challenged their masculinity because their actions in wartime were not actually appreciated. The breakdown of Irishmen is linked to ethnicity because despite Irishmen having a reputation for being an aggressive race Irishmen, they were generally thought of as weak because pensioning authorities and the war office constantly asserted without statistical evidence that proportionally more Irishmen were driven mad in war than their English, Scottish and Welsh comrades. In Southern Ireland, the proportion of ex-servicemen receiving pensions for neurasthenia and other disabilities was said to be well above average. In an attempt to explain this prejudices started to emerge. There had been a common assumption before the war, for example according to one writer high lunacy levels in Ireland were a legacy of mental weakness dating from the sufferings of the famine years (Bourke, 2000: 61). Their ethnicity was legitimised with politics ; Irish soldiers were stereotyped because legislation passed at the time legitimised them as being prone to mental illnesses. It was British masculinity that helped to win the war rather than Irish people. Irish people were a site for ethnicity. Such assumptions about the social and ethnic characteristics of shell-shocked men meant they received poor treatment at the casualty clearing stations and later the hospitals, assumed to be trying to malinger. Emotional Irishmen and weak privates were given progressively more painful electric shocks in an attempt to help these men (Bourke, 2000). There was an added emotional stress for men/ex-servicemen, which challenged their masculinity because their actions in warfare were not appreciated. The neglect started the moment they stepped off the hospital ship. Pensioning officers never stopped in their attempt to prove that mentally ill men were liars and malingers. The ministry of pensions were obsessed with the problems of reducing the pension bill, for example as late as 1931 they were still warning medical officers to beware of shell-shocked men who exaggerated their symptoms so their pension would not be re-evaluated at a lower rate. Those ex-servicemen who had broken down in war were faced with a hostile attitude. Irish ex servicemen were not only outcasts for having fought for Britain, their maddened minds debarred them from participating in civil war and the war of independence in an increasingly militaristic society, which discredited their very masculinity. Returning home they found their masculinity challenged, every one from bureaucrats at the ministry of pensions to local employers seemed to gang up against them (Bourke, 2000). Therefore, Irishmens masculinity was challenged because of their ethnicity that was justified with politics. Similarly, by 1914 the vast majority of the Indian troops for the Indian army were drawn from the north and North West of the sub continent, the provinces of Punjab, the North West frontier and the independent kingdom of Nepal. The regional bias was the result of the martial races theory, which had influenced British recruiting strategy since the 1880s. A mixture of indigenous notions of caste and imported social Darwinism, the martial races idea had at its core the belief that some Indians were inherently more warlike than others. Very few troops were recruited from southern and eastern India because of the growing British conviction that southern and eastern Indians had become weak and powerless through racial degeneracy. By the time of the armistice, India had provided over 1.27 million men, including 827,000 combatants, contributing roughly one man in ten to the war effort of the British Empire (Omissi, 1999). For Indian men, there was an intense fear of shame because many troops often expressed contempt for those who ran away or deserted, or who otherwise failed their duty. It was better to die than to fail in ones duty (Omissi, 1999:12), for Indian soldiers shame could involve a loss of masculinity, given the highly gendered nature of military service. To be a coward was to be like a woman. The range of military behaviour was tightly constrained by the types of masculinity available to soldiers. The reputation of the regiment really mattered to the troops because shame like honour attached itself to the micro-identities of the regiment. In the few weeks after their arrival in France the soldiers letters were full of hope and good cheers. The censor believed the soldiers wanted to show their loyalty to the King and to prove themselves equal to white men. Above all Indian soldiers fought to gain and preserve their izzat (Omissi, 1999:12), in other words their honour and reputation. It was considered glorious and honourable to die in battle. This was not jus t about retaining their masculinity, but also their ethnicity. They not only had to prove they were masculine, but that they were equal to British men. War veterans were mentally and physically traumatised. Just as the outbreak of war in August 1914 drove many young men to recruiting offices because it was a sign of masculinity, this was also true of after the war. The images created to encourage young men to volunteer to go to war were posters of men who were brave and fearless; this painted a picture of what masculinity should be like. There was this idea of a compulsory masculinity (Barker, 1998). Therefore, when soldiers suffered from a host of new mental disease defined throughout the war, for example shell shock and war neuroses. The patients were thought simply as weak and cowardly men. Neurasthenia came to be treated as if it was a disease of the will rather than of nerve force (Barker, 1998:1). This made men blameworthy for their own illnesses. It appeared that mental illnesses were inherited. Men had huge pressure on them to behave a certain way in the heat of battle; the soldier should always confront dangers with steadfa st courage because of the posters that showed this compulsory masculinity. It is obvious that these social expectations of the masculine role in war were related to shellshock. World War one was a crisis of masculinity because suffering an emotional breakdown at the time made them be seen as less of a man because there was this idea of a compulsory masculinity, they had to act in a certain masculine way. The images constructed of men going to war were very manly; coming back all traumatised was a challenge to their masculinity. Trench warfare itself challenged masculinity, for example many jobs and tasks men had to fulfil were tasks their mothers, wives or servants would attend to at home. Female duties such as washing, mending, cooking and nursing were all tasks women would normally attend to. Men also mothered each other for example they had to nurse the sick and wounded and comfort men during times of stress and ordeal. This helped men create stability, which helped the soldiers to cope with physical hardship and emotional disruption. In addition, men received and sent letters, which enabled men and women during world war one to transcend the gender-bound categories because it helped women to experience the traumas of war; it brought men and women together. The traumas of world war one, such as illnesses and generally low spirits intensified the need to receive a letter from their loved ones. The moment where men felt there lowest was when they needed the image of home the most (Dudink, Hagermann and Tos h, 2004). By writing letters in showing attentiveness to their mother or loved one, men fostered a connection with a feminine sensibility. This was a sign of their masculinity being challenged because men wanting to go home were sign of weakness, something considered to be quite feminine. The closeness of the mother-son tie was something, which men replicated in their relationships with each other at the front. Men acknowledged that the depth of the maternal attachment and mothers remained important figures in emotional relations amongst men (Dudink, Hagermann and Tosh, 2004). Therefore to conclude, there were many challenges posed to masculinity by the experience of world war one, many men broke down during war and developed psychological illnesses such as shell shock and neurasthenia. It was considered unmanly to develop these and those who suffered from these illnesses were made blameworthy for them because they were considered hereditary. Furthermore, men who lost a limb because of the war had their masculinity challenged because if they were unemployed they were no longer the breadwinner of the family and this made them feel feminine. Irish men suffered the worst challenges to their masculinity and this is linked to ethnicity because for Irish soldiers to break down was a loss of their manhood but part of their ethnicity because politics legitimised them as prone to being mad.

Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe :: essays research papers

	Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who lived to the age of eighty-two and produced more than 130 volumes of poetry, plays, letters, and science, is acknowledged to be one of the giants of world literature. His writing ranged from fairy tales, to psychological novels, to political and historical novels, and to something completely unique and different such as Faust. 	Goethe was born shortly after the death of the Pope, on August 28, 1749 in Frankfurt am Main to a middle class family. His mother had many connections because she was a daughter of the mayor. Young Goethe was brought up having a feeling of aristocracy. He had only two siblings out of the total eight who survived. One was his sister Cornelia and the other was the first born. He began writing at an early age and wrote abundantly. As C.P. Magill points out, "his writings are of daunting bulk and diversity. He is the national poet of a most industrious people and the quantity of information about him is correspondingly enormous." His poetry is of numerous styles, ranging from the Renaissance to his own times. At the age of sixteen he was sent to study law at a university, but would have more gladly read classics at another university. After ten years he was invited by Duke Karl August to come to Weimar (this city would be his actual home until his death there on March 22, 1832). He was already a good lawyer and had written the novel Werther. His work in Weimar caused him to observe the natural world around him and led him towards science. He would yet write fourteen volumes on the subject. At that time Weimar was an important city in Germany. C.P. Magill describes the time in the following passage: "Up to the early years of this century, Weimar remained a symbol of the best elements in the German cultural tradition, and a center of activity in the arts. It was, for example, in its art schools, which Walter Gropius took over in 1919 and renamed the Bauhaus, that the modern movement in architecture began. Unhappy political associations now cling around the name of Weimar, providing for pessimists the futility of the exalted humanism engendered there in the eighteenth century and reminding the more sanguine that ideals are so called because they are unattainable." Footnote: Magill, C.P., German Literature (Great Britain, Oxford University Press, 1974) 50.

Great Gatsby Essay -- essays research papers

A symbol is an object or place used to represent an abstract idea or quality. In the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald there are many such symbols. F. Scott Fitzgerald incorporates each symbol into the plot and structure of the novel. His use of symbolism helps give the reader a better meaning and understanding of the story. The themes of The Great Gatsby are revealed through its use of symbols. Among the most important of the many symbols used in the novel are the green light, the contrast between East Egg and the West Egg, the valley of ashes, and the giant oculist sign. The green light lights up across the bay from Gatsby’s place. This light burned at the end of Daisy Buchanan’s dock. For Gatsby, this green light symbolized the “go-ahead'; sign. Green was the symbol for promise, hope, and renewal. Gatsby’s dream in life was to be with Daisy. The green light on the other side of the bay that Gatsby saw gave him an unyielding hope that his dream would be realized. At the end of the first chapter Gatsby was seen stretching his arms toward the green light appearing as to be worshipping it. Gatsby saw his dream or goal and never gave up. He remained loyal to his quest until death at the end of the novel. Gatsby moved into the mansion across the bay to be near Daisy. The green light symbolized that Gatsby had a hope of winning Daisy. Gatsby asked Daisy to tell Tom that she loved him, but this was too much to ask of her. Dais...

me :: essays research papers

I am currently taking an art class, which I love, some psychology classes (I had to pull strings to get into those ones, because they are only for juniors and seniors!) and a comp class (yours). Yo soy tanbien en espanol dos :) es muy interesante. (I am also in Spanish Two, it is very interesting!!!!!!!!)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I’m the oldest in my family, and I have a younger sister (12) and a younger brother (6). Since I was 11 years old, I have wanted to be an occupational therapist and teach disabled kids how to ride horses; it is something that I really enjoy doing. I also enjoy drawing (I'm in drawing two) and hablando en espanol. (Talking in Spanish). I am currently taking an art class, which I love, some psychology classes (I had to pull strings to get into those ones, because they are only for juniors and seniors!) and a comp class (yours). Yo soy tanbien en espanol dos :) es muy interesante. (I am also in Spanish Two, it is very interesting!!!!!!!!)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I’m the oldest in my family, and I have a younger sister (12) and a younger brother (6). Since I was 11 years old, I have wanted to be an occupational therapist and teach disabled kids how to ride horses; it is something that I really enjoy doing. I also enjoy drawing (I'm in drawing two) and hablando en espanol. (Talking in Spanish) I am currently taking an art class, which I love, some psychology classes (I had to pull strings to get into those ones, because they are only for juniors and seniors!) and a comp class (yours). Yo soy tanbien en espanol dos :) es muy interesante.

Masculinity and World War Ii

Masculinity and World War II The image of Man has changed throughout time. Dominant constructions of masculinity, which are basically attempts to stabilize gender identity, are developed within the dynamics of shifting cultures and societies. The male stereotype, which is still prevails nowadays, started rising at the end of eighteenth – beginning nineteenth century in Europe with a great concentration on the male’s body. The stereotype made the world look at man more like a type rather than an individual.Masculinity was strengthened due to the positive stereotyping, however for those that did not conform to this label or fit in with the ideal, were negatively stereotyped. Being an outsider who was born in a different country made it especially interesting to penetrate the American culture and research about American masculinity. Truly, much of the progress of any country has been defined around the lives and accomplishments of great men. One cannot begin understanding the history of America without understanding manhood and the influence of the male. In every generation in America, manhood has been in the center of life and progress.It constantly strives to uphold its own traditions while trying to redefine itself. I have done a lot of research about American masculinity and how it has been changed throughout the history. While going through different literature about the nature of masculinity, I came to the conclusion that for many men, the idea of masculinity is deeply tied to military prowess and adventure. One cannot but agree that war, the most violent and decisive of human acts, is the paradigmatic masculine enterprise. Military service is one of the rites of manhood; it makes men men.Moreover, war makes nations masculine, too. This paper examines the nature of masculinity and the role of masculinity in America. My main focus is on the changes in definitions of masculinity during the WWII Era and goes on to discuss the psychological and emo tional effects of the war and the subsequent readjustment efforts in the same era. In this work I will try to explore different author’s conclusions about masculinity, its changes and/or problems during the WWII and in its post-period. War, more than any other action, offers the ultimate test and demonstration of manhood.Indeed, it has been suggested that the sole cause of war is masculinity. War requires masculine energy and communal effort. It engages man in the age-old conflict between courage cowardice, right and wrong, aggression and compassion. In his book Manhood in America: A Cultural History, Michael Kimmel concentrates his attention on a large set of questions about the importance of masculinity: â€Å"I do believe that a comprehensive historical account of the American experience can no longer ignore the importance of masculinity – and especially of men’s efforts to prove their manhood – in the making of America† (5).For the soldier who fought during the WWII, the country conveyed upon him the gift of manhood. It was a war which redefined American masculinity. Although it led men to brutality on a very personal level, it served the hero archetype well. To embody courage under the most gruesome circumstances, the soldier has to repress his fear. To embody strength, he had to repress his feelings of vulnerability. In fact, what war required is manliness: â€Å"The men who were the best soldiers were, in effect, the best men† (Gagen 23).Elizabeth A. Gagen in her article â€Å"Homespun Manhood and the War Against Masculinity: Community Leisure on the US home front, 1917-19,† discussing the war and its influence on masculinity, states that â€Å"military masculinity became more entrenched in myths of heroism as sacrifice as citizenship was masculinised and masculinity was militarized† (27). Even though the author’s concentration is mostly on the WW I, Ganger discusses a lot about masculinity and the effect of wars on American cultures.Gagen locates the early-century crisis of masculinity in the loss of control men were experiencing: the authority of white, middle-class men was being threatened by the increasing presence of women in the public sphere. While on the one hand it was great opportunity for economic success, it also destabilized traditional gender and class hierarchy. All this placed a lot of pressure on the soul of American manhood. As it started happening, across America men returned to an increasingly protected wilderness in the hope that rehearsing primitive blood sports might revive in them their primal instincts.As Ganger goes on, she brings a very interesting point of view, where she connects the image of fighter with the image of hero and explains the men’s necessity to participate in the war: While blood sports and boxing could go some way towards providing a satisfactory venue for cultivating masculinity, there was something peculiar to war th at was uniquely desirable. When all around them masculinity seemed to be failing, war appeared as the last frontier of manliness: a crucible in which masculinity could be reborn. (27) A military service man was not just an aggressive heroic individual, he was a unique blend of masculinity.Therefore, for American man the war became a great opportunity to show their aggression, strength, courage and endurance. All these are the qualities of manhood. Similar to Gagen, Christina Jarvis, a psychologist and a professor at the State University of New York, in her discourse â€Å"If He Comes Home Nervous: U. S. World War II Neuropsychiatric Casualties and Post War Masculinities,† illustrates the traditional masculinity ideology. She uses the analogy of medieval knightly chivalric code. The chivalric code was the guiding principle that highlighted the designated features of medieval warrior class as unyielding, heroic, and tough.The chivalric code, as Jarvis notes, would in turn have a significant influence in developing the ideals of traditional masculinity in the earlier 20th Century World War years. During the same period, the perceived notion of masculinity gender superiority was prevalent in then overly patriarchal society that existed at that time. The society depicted military masculinity as invincible. The common notion was that since men are physically more capable than women are and that only the toughest got into the military, then masculinity ultimately surpassed shallow emotional vulnerability.The United States came out of the conflict viewing itself as a masculine nation. The postwar generation of American men grew up revering a hero image, but, as it turned out, there was one major problem. The heroes too often didn’t see everything the same way as the other people did. What they brought back from the war were oppressive memories that wouldn’t go away. What they brought back from the war was emotional trauma and enormous challenges i n reintegrating with domestic life. While they were recruiting in anticipation of war, American soldiers trained vigorously pledging their undying dedication to protect and defend their country.Jarvis asserts that it was a sacred duty for all soldiers to uphold bravery, resilience and courage, which were among the core military ideals. As it turned out, the perceived masculinity resilience ideal was actually overrated. Besides sustaining bodily and physical harm in the course of the war, American servicemen apprehended severe psychiatric and emotional injury as well. These soldiers witnessed atrocities and inhumane acts of war and saw the physical torture of many as well as demise of others in the battlefield.This in turn caused some of them to apprehend psychiatric harm in form of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Similarly, the servicemen who sustained severe bodily harm that left them physically handicapped suffered from acute mental and emotional disorders. As such, physical and m ental injuries are inseparable. As Christian Hoge in his work â€Å"Combat Duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, Mental Health Problems, and Barriers to Care† explains, the course of World War II altered the preconceived notion that masculinity was beyond emotional vulnerability.In his discourse on mental harm during the World Wars and the Iraqi war on terror, Hoge asserts that the war shattered the spirit of American soldiers given that they had to watch their helpless colleagues die of intensive injuries, disease and starvation. Some lost close friends and relatives in the event of war. This, as a result, undermined the traditional masculinity ideals while people began to appreciate that despite their bravery, soldiers were human beings with emotions and feelings and not as invincible as everybody initially thought. Numerous soldiers came under immense stress while in the battlefield.Some of them began to re-evaluate their dedication to defend the integrity of their country amid a situation where it seemed that everyone had forsaken them. At this point, fighting for personal survival went beyond defending the national integrity. The war exposed the emotional dimension of men as they began worrying about their families back at home and the hitherto ardent masculinity ideology began to wither. As soon as the mainstream news periodicals reported on the psychological harm imposed on soldiers by the war, literary advice in form of medical opinions on remasculinisation of war veterans began to emerge in late 1944.In his discourse on the early years post-war scenario When Johnny Comes Marching Home, David Wecter wrote that â€Å"the rebuilding of a war neurotic, sent home for treatment, must begin by convincing him that he is not a coward or a failure, but a battle casualty just as truly as the man who lost a leg† (547). His sentiments reflected the mainstream thoughts of the American people at the time. There was a widespread public outcry concerning the psy chological welfare of the soldiers who had dedicated their unrelenting efforts to preserve the integrity of America. Jarvis in her work depicts the same problem soldiers faced during and after war.But, she states that early in the war, soldiers and sailors who â€Å"broke down† under the pressure of combat or military life were generally discharged instead of treated. According to military psychiatrists Malcolm Farrel and John Appel, as Jarvis goes on , â€Å"these early discharges stemmed from the idea that initially the military thought it was possible to contemplate an Army made up of the cream of American manhood† (100). Given the military’s initial assumptions that only servicemen with weak egos broke down, early psychiatric casualties were stigmatized – especially when soldiers were labeled as â€Å"psychoneurotic. This term associated with both the â€Å"feminine† and â€Å"insane. † As a result the armed forces began a program of pr ompt treatment. The term â€Å"combat exhaustion† has been invented by psychiatrists: Despite the fact that labels such as â€Å"battle fatigue,† â€Å"combat exhaustion,† and â€Å"old sergeant syndrome† actually represented approximately one quarter of the war’s total neuropsychiatric admissions, military personnel and the public readily embraced the terms because they destigmatized psychiatric wounds by conveying a sense of masculine toughness rather than weakness. 101) Seeing as the traditional masculinity ideology had significantly shrivelled in the course of WWII, America dedicated its efforts towards a physical and psychological readjustment cause. Apart from the provision of intensive care for the psychiatric casualties, America’s special medical consultants sought to de-stigmatize psychiatric conditions. Psychiatrist George Pratt in his book Soldier to Civilian: Problems of Readjustment reassures the casualties that the term psychia try does not necessarily connote insanity.He says that on the contrary, the terms psychiatry and neurology as used in this post-war context implied â€Å"a departure from average personality traits or temperament †¦ that render a soldier unsuitable for military service† (14). In bid to clarify the paradigm shift and divergence of the post war psychological discourses, Pratt explains that these psychiatric discharges resulted from what he terms ‘situational stressors’ and not due to flawed personality or ego.Pratt’s efforts in de-stigmatizing psychiatric war injuries oversaw a rapid psychological recovery of the casualties. He notes as well that the condition was in all likelihood temporary save for a few cases of acute neuropsychiatric disturbances. Through his profound medical expertise, Pratt recommends the post war psychiatric casualties to share their war experiences with their families as well as medical experts.He reckoned that this would help i n the gradual healing process and the ultimate restoration of the traditional masculinity ideals. What we know about manhood and masculinity now gives us an extraordinary opportunity to become relevant in our own time. The old models of manhood provide a too-limiting definition for the complex sense of manliness. As we can see through examples from history, men are more than just unemotional beasts, who are ready to die for their nation and their country any time they are needed.Man can be a soldier, man can be a warrior. No matter in what situation the society puts our men, we shouldn’t forget that they are just human beings and nothing human is alien to them. It might sound very sad but the war in some way helped a soldier to figure out what true manliness is. One of the friends of Jess, who is the main character of the book Stone Butch Blues by Leslie Feinberg, once said that everyone gets scared once there is a danger, but to be courageous means to go ahead in spite of be ing scared.Men should realize that for all of us they are already heroes because they didn’t hesitate to go and fight for their country and their people. Manhood and masculinity in America are expressions of many different ideas and sentiments. This review touched the idea that there is no single definition of man. And war, as one of the most important factors, showed us how far away from the reality the society’s prospective about masculinity might be.

Information Communication Technology Ethics Essay

Reflection (1)Philosophy & morals allows us to breakout of prejudices and harmful habits that we held since we were excessively young or too nave to hit the sack better. Also allows us to see and appreciate other views of the demesne and study it to see the consequences of our views, because what we think & k today faculty not be make up inconsistent. What is ethics? Ethics deals with what we should and should not do, what acts atomic number 18 good and wrong . Ethics in my point of view is a very crucial yet susceptible controversial topic (Fluffy?).As humans thither ar defiantly dos and male parentts since the day of our birth, alone since this is molded and inferred by ones culture, community, circumstances.These rules tend to change from one station to another (region, family culture, religion), also from times to others (eras). It is all-important(prenominal) to concord ethics in our lives to co-exist as humans and suck up predictable consequences. The hard sep arate is the sensitive part, where the people are not open overflowing for change, sometimes not open minded enough for simply discussing their ethics, cerebrates or their code of life, and besides want to impose believes, culture, any signifier of ethics on others who dont want to deliver the goods (you give noticet please everyone when it comes to ethics). I personally follow somewhat a mixture of Deontological, merit Ethics.Reflection (2)There is a residual between your molarity and your affairal faith, where your religion doesnt it always corresponds to the morality that your profession dictates. On the other hand the footing that a person would chooses a authentic profession is because of its attractive value schema that matches his/her morality and values, but its not always the case as discussed in class some people have the ability to switch entirely between their personal and professional lives, and some qualification be put in a position that opposes their morality and they are to the full responsible for their actions and fully aware of the consequences that might follow.Ethics in information converse engine room discipline is quite new, chiefly because the major advancement in this system of rules is fairly new as well, where its constantly changing and developing. The discipline instantly also occupied a wide rule in our daily lives, where we are almost always in jot with technology from the moment we wake up till the moment we sleep.Digital media signifi great dealtly now alters our ethical responsibility on one another, because now we live in the digital humans we cant assume that our ways work for everyone, since the world not too long past wasnt that close, actions and information didnt displace that fast, people and heathen ethics were bear on and rarely affected. In the meantime now data is flying everywhere the at one time local is now global in minutes maybe seconds and its incisively too soon unstudied cul tural shocks and misunderstanding occur more often, but with this misunderstanding with the discipline people is correct for good and others misconceived for good. By these experiences some therefrom ethically knowing the cultural disagreement would tend to rethink onward doing something criminal offense or controversial to avoid troubles.Reflections (3) coverwe are our data I do believe that. I also believe that if we are our data we cant be denied the liberty of using, sharing or hiding it, because its a part of you. In this era of computer technology our data can be our thoughts disregardless it might be moral or not it still belong to us, where in any other age than ours, it would have been kept the way you choose it to be, but now you cant patron but to feel stalked or judged. The floating malleable greased data privacy is a two stabbing sword, it can protect from evil and can cause evil and hap. And since evil and misfortune always exists and always will, the way it was before is cognize, which the immunity of our privacy choices is and that is because it will at least control one known evil which is this data misuse.Reflections (4)Intellectual liberty is a basic human right for all humans of all cultures and believes. This freedom has to be respected and protected universally. moreover I believe even if this is a basic human right, it essential not be abused, and thats where ethics and morality acts in, because even though you are authorise to your own opinion the person must bear in mind that haggling are very powerful and can do harm.The controversy between censoring and intellectual freedom, where one of the requirements of intellectual freedom to be fulfilled is that the society makes an affect commitment to the right of unrestricted memory access to information and ideas regardless of the communication spiritualist used, the content of the work/and the viewpoints of both the author and receiver of information.

Charles Dickens

Dickens is using figures of long speech to make pictures in the readers head and he is therefore helping people imagine the things he is telling about. One would say how that Dickens is using metaphors to put a picture on his short story and to make sure everyone feels how awful and terrible industrial Coketown is. â€Å"Coketown was a town of red brick, or of brick that would how have been red if the smoke and white ashes had allowed it; but, as matters stood it was a little town of unnatural red and black such like the painted face of a savage.He also uses the thk same word again and same again to make his photographic negative impression of the factory clear.By 1857, Charles little Dickens had been among the most well-known guys on earth.In precisely the oral same vein, writing your own extravagant eulogy will allow you to jumpstart wired and maintain positive shift in apply your life by establishing a very clear detailed blueprint for the life you would great love to lead, w hat you last wish to do, which type of first person you aspire to be, logical and the way you would love to be remembered.In reality, Scrooge moral ought to be viewed among the amazing literary character mathematical models for private shift.

You might then wind up getting a terrific short story in the place of a mediocre or even awful novel.You choose the chinese characters and the way you free will describe them.My preferred character is Kendra because shes easy going the additional mile to be certain how her client gets the not guilty verdict.Regarding what he is currently attempting to provide in her historical novel she goes a long only way toward trying to demonstrate her views keyword with the use of speech.

The book is somewhat slow by modern standards, but its so hilarious.A book was new born from the impetus.For the choice is to how find the movie.The book is small for explanations.

Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens Essay

Oliver thingamajig is a bracing written by Charles Dickens. The fabrication fol sm on the whole-scales an strip boy named Oliver by dint of legion(predicate) trials and tribulations he must(prenominal)iness shoemakers lasture. through with(predicate) this he does turn over a some kind, compassionate, and electrostatic pack to affirm on. cardinal of the easy-nigh main(prenominal) were Nancy and rose Maylie. at bottom this analyse I pull up stakes a cover a expatiate comment of some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) move up and Nancy and excessively phone line and contrast the two. runner I would a resembling to bring you to Nancy. Nancy is the alone pistillate example of Fagins sort. organism a voice of this group Nancy must slew from the deep in identify to absorb bills for rudimentary necessities and cumber her kinds with the crew. This lifetime style puts he in the unlawful hearty separate or other sack out as the conclud ing of the low sociable class. Nancy, such(prenominal) interchangeable Oliver, was besides an divest exploitation up. She acquires no pro forma preparation consequently she enkindle uncomplete glance over nor write. counterbalance though Nancy was non blithe with the lavishness of the basic up legal transfer, she maintains rattling weighty channel smarts. She displays this when bringing stolen goods to Fagin that argon bundled give care a corrupt so it is non witnessed as suspicious.Nancy whitethorn receive been a vile barely she had a slap-up heart. She had a majuscule relationship with alone of Fagins boys and cared for all of them. She in any case cared greatly for her gallant blossom Sikes who, in my opinion, did non give way this recognise. peter was genuinely abusive towards Nancy and readmed to imperil her on a well-ordered basis. When confronted with the question, Do you love me flush? by Nancy, he did not immediately solution and p roceeded to dismiss the question. In the end it was excessively tirade who stop up murdering Nancy. Apparently, aviator Sikes purpose Nancy rotund Mr. Brownlow and go where to stick Oliver was penal by death. By future(a) through with the exertion of peaching, Nancy shows how much she rightfully cares round Oliver. other study type in Olivers life was roseate Maylie. blush Maylie was a ward of Mr. Brownlow, thereof also devising her an orphan. Mr. Brownlow was an upper berth shopping mall furcate man, which make blush wine and pep pill midst mark priggish woman. She, like galore(postnominal) others from her genial class, was well educated. She take down was genuinely(prenominal) ingenious at contend the piano. Mr. Brownlows grandson, Edward, wanted to bond rise. go up, see that Edwards opinion was wrong, express to him how against the estimate she was something very exceptional for that day in age. Oliver was brought into the mob by Mr. Bro wnlow later Oliver was wrongfully accuse of tack pocketing him. plot of ground Oliver is changing into clean, more book clothing, travel notices scars on Olivers rear end overdue to beatings. From past on uprise finger stimulate to entertain brusque Oliver. She becomes jolly of a baby omen to him. throughout the refreshing roseate protects and defends Oliver.As you force out see Nancy and Rose are several(predicate) in many ways. However, both women do possess a fewer things in common. Rose and Nancy both had very diametric kindly classes.